Latvian Biodiversity Clearing-House Mehanism - Vegetation of Latvia

List of vegetation syntaxa described in Latvia

2011-10-11T15:51:12Z

Reference: Jermacāne S., Laiviņš M. 2001. Latvijā aprakstīto augu sabiedrību sintaksonu saraksts. Latvijas Veģetācija, 4: 115-132

CHARETEA FRAGILIS Fukarek ex Krausch 1964
Charetalia hispidae Sauer ex Krausch 1964

Charion fragilis Krausch 1964
Charetum aculeolatum Corill. 1957 (Zviedre 2001 syn., rel.)
Charetum asperae A. Melzer 1977 (Zviedre 2001 syn., rel.)
Charetum contrariae Corill. 1957 (Zviedre 2001 syn., rel.)
Charetum tomentosae Corill. 1957 (Zviedre 2001 syn., rel.)
Magnocharetum hispidae Corill. 1957 (Zviedre 2001 syn., rel.)

LEMNETEA MINORIS de Bolos & Masclans 1955
Lemnetalia minoris de Bolos & Masclans 1955

Lemnion minoris de Bolos & Masclans 1955
Lemnetum gibbae Bennema et al. 1943 em. Miyawaki et J.Tx. 1960 (Laime 2000 syn.)

POTAMOGETONETEA R.Tx. et Prsg. 1942
Potamogetonetalia Koch 1926

Potamogetonion (Koch 1926) Görs 1977
Ceratophylletum demersi Hild 1956 (Eņģele 2000 rel.)
Najadetum marinae Fukarek 1961 (Eņģele, Zviedre 2001 syn.)
Nupharetum pumilae Oberd. 1957 (Eņģele 1999 syn.)

Nymphaeion Oberd. 1957
Nymphaetum albo-candidae (Eņģele 2000 rel.)
Potamogetono-Nymphaetum candidae Hejny 1978 (Eņģele 1996 rel.)
Potamogetono-Nupharetum luteae Mueller et Gors 1960 (Eņģele 1996 rel.)
Potamogetono-Nupharetum pumilae Oberd. 1960 (Eņģele 1996 rel.)

LITORELLETEA Br.-Bl. et R.Tx. 1943
Litorelletalia Koch 1926

Lobelion dortmannae (Van den Berghen 1964) R.Tx. et Dierss. 1972
Isöeto-Lobelietum (Koch 1926) Tx. 1937 em Dierss. 1975 (Eņģele 1996 rel.)

PHRAGMITI-MAGNOCARICETEA Klika ap. Klika et Novak 1941
Phragmitetalia Koch 1926

Phragmition Koch 1926
Acoretum calami Schulz 1941 (Eņģele 1998 syn.)
Bolboschoeno-Phragmitetum australis Borhidi et Balogh 1970 (Laime 2000 syn.)
Eleocharitetum palustris Schenn. 1919(Laime 2000 syn.)
Equisetetum limosi Steffen 1931 (Eņģele 1998 syn.; Salmiņa 2000b syn.)
Phragmitetum communis (Gams 1927) Schmale 1939 (Bambe 2001b rel.; Eņģele 1996 rel.; 1998 syn.; 1999 rel.; Salmiņa 2000b syn.)
Schoenoplectetum tabernaemontani Soo 1947 (Laime 2000 syn.)
Scirpetum lacustris (Allorge 1922) Chouard 1924 (Eņģele 1996 rel.; 1998 syn.)
Scirpo-Phragmitetum Koch 1926 Phragmites australis facies (Laime 2000 syn.)
Scirpo-Phragmitetum Koch 1926 Typha angustifolia facies (Laime 2000 syn.)
Typhetum angustifoliae (Allorge 1922) Soo 1927 (Eņģele 1998 syn.)
Typhetum latifoliae Soo 1927 (Eņģele 1998 syn.)
Eleocharis palustris community (Eņģele 1998 syn.)
Butomus umbellatus community (Eņģele 2000 rel.)
Carex rostrata community (Eņģele 1998 syn.)
Menyanthes trifoliata community (Eņģele 1998 syn.)
Naumburgia thyrsiflora community (Eņģele 1998 syn.)
Sparganium emersum community (Eņģele 1998 syn.)
Sparganium microcarpum community (Eņģele 1998 syn.; 2000 rel.)

Magnocaricion elatae Koch 1926
Caricetum acutiformis Eggler 1933 (Salmiņa 2000b syn.)
Caricetum appropinquatae Aszód 1936 (Jermacāne 1998 syn.)
Caricetum distichae Jonas 1933 (Laiviņa 1996 rel.)
Caricetum elatae (Salmiņa 1998 syn.; Salmiņa 2000b syn.)
Caricetum gracilis Almquist 1929) Tx. 1937 (Jermacāne 1998 syn.; Salmiņa 2000b syn.)
Caricetum paniculatae Wangerin 1916 ex V.Rochow 1951 (Pakalne, Čakare 2001 rel., syn.)
Caricetum rostratae (Salmiņa 1998 syn.; 2000b syn.)
Caricetum vesicariae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Denis 1926 (Jermacāne 1998 syn.)
Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi Boer, Sissingh ap. Boer 1942 (Salmiņa 2000b syn.)
Glycerietum fluitantis Eggler 1933 (Salmiņa 2000b syn.)
Phalaridetum arundinaceae (Horvatič 1931) Libbert 1931 (Jermacāne 1998 syn.; Salmiņa 2000b syn.)
Sagittario-Sparganietum emersi R.Tx. 1953 (Salmiņa 2000b syn.)
Carex atherodes community (Jermacāne 1998 syn.)

MONTIO-CARDAMINETEA Br. -Bl. et R. Tx. ex Klika et Hadač 1944 em. Zechmeister 1993
Montio-Cardaminetalia Pawlowski 1928 em Zechmeister 1993

Cratoneurion commutati Koch 1928
Cratoneureto filicinae - Cardaminetum Maas 1959 (Pakalne, Čakare 2001 rel.)
Palustriella commutata community (Pakalne, Čakare 2001 rel.)
Caricion remotae Kästner 1941 em. Zechmeister & Mucina 1994
Cardamino-Chrysosplenietum alternifolii Maas 1959 em. Zechmeister 1993 (Pakalne, Čakare 2001 rel.)

SCHEUCHZERIO-CARICETEA NIGRAE (Nordh. 1936) R.Tx. 1937
Scheuchzerietalia palustris Nordh. 1936

Rhynchosporion albae Koch 1926
Caricetum limosae Osvald 1923 em. Dierssen 1982 (Bambe 2001b rel.; Salmiņa 1998 syn.; 2000a syn.incompl.)
Rhynchosporetum albae Koch 1926 (Bambe 2001b rel.; Pakalne 1998 syn.; Pakalne, Čakare 2000 syn.)

Caricion lasiocarpae Van den Berghen ap. Lebrun et al. 1949
Caricetum lasiocarpae Osvald 1923 em. Koch 1926 (Bambe 2001b rel.; Laiviņš 1987 rel.; Pakalne 1994 syn.; Pakalne, Čakare 2000 syn.; Salmiņa 1998 syn.; 2000a syn.incompl.)
Caricetum rostratae Rübel 1912 ex Osvald 1923 (Bambe 2001a syn.; Pakalne 1998 syn.; Pakalne, Čakare 2000 syn.; Salmiņa 2000a syn.incompl.)
Carici-Menianthetum Soo 1955 (Salmiņa 2000a syn.incompl.)

Caricetalia davallianae Br.-Bl. 1949

Caricion davallianae Klika 1934
Primulo-Schoenetum ferruginei Oberd.1962 (Laiviņš, Svars 1993 rel.; Pakalne 1994 rel., syn.)

QXYCOCCO-SPHAGNETEA Br.-Bl. et R.Tx. 1943 ap. Westh. et al. 1946
Sphagnetalia magellanici Moore (1964) 1968

Sphagnion magellanici Kästner et Flössner 1933
Eriophoro vaginati-Trichophoretum cespitosi (Zlatn.1928, Rudolph et al. 1928) Rübel 1933 (Pakalne, Čakare 2000 syn.)
Sphagnetum magellanici Kästner et Flössner 1933 (Pakalne 1998 syn.; Pakalne, Čakare 2000 syn.)
var. aquaticum (Bambe 2001a syn.)
var. typicum (Bambe 2001a syn.)

Oxycocco-Empetrion hermaphroditi Nordh. ex Neuhäusl 1969
Empetro nigri-Sphagnetum fusci Du Rietz 1921 (Pakalne 1998 syn.; Pakalne, Čakare 2000 syn.)

CAKILETEA MARITIMAE R.Tx. & Prsg 1950
Cakiletalia maritimae R.Tx. ap. Oberd. (1949) 1950

Atriplicion littoralis Nordh. 1940
Atriplicetum glabriusculo-calothecae Frode 1957/58 (Laime 2000 syn.)
Atriplicetum littoralis Feekes 1936 em. Westhoff et Beeftink 1950 (Laime 2000 syn.)
Cakiletum maritimae van Dieren 1934 (Laime 2000 syn.)

AMMOPHILETEA Br.-Bl. et R.Tx. 1943
Ammophiletalia Br.-Bl. 1933

Agropyro-Honckenion Br.-Bl. et R.Tx. 1942
Elymo-Agropyretum juncei (Warming 1909) Tx. 1952 em. 1967 (Ofkante 2000 rel.; Ofkante 2001b rel.)

Ammophilion arenariae Br.-Bl. 1933
Ammophiletum arenariae (Regel 1927) Kisinas 1936 (Laime 2000 syn.)
Elymo-Ammophiletum arenariae Br.-Bl. et De Leeuw 1936 (Ofkante 2001b rel.)
subass. typicum T?xen 1937 (Ofkante 2001b rel.)
subass. artemisietosum (Steffen 1931) Fukarek 1961 (Ofkante 2001b rel.)
subass. festucetosum arenariae (Ofkante 2001a rel.; Ofkante 2001b rel.)
subass. festucetosum sabulosae (Ofkante 2001a rel.)
Leymo-Festucetum arenariae (Regel 1927) Rebasso 1975 (Laime 2000 syn.)
Hieracium umbellatum-Calamagrostis meinshausenii community (Laime 2000 syn.)

HONCKENYO-ELYMETEA ARENARIAE R.Tx. 1966
Honckenyo-Elymetalia arenariae R.Tx. 1966

Honckenyo-Elymion Galiano 1959
Leymo arenarii-Honckenyetum peploidis Kisinas 1936 (Laime 2000 syn.)
Leymus arenarius-Elytrigia x littorea community (Laime 2000 syn.)
Leymus arenarius-Equisetum arvense community (Laime 2000 syn.)

JUNCETEA MARITIMI Br.-Bl. 1931
Glauco-Puccinellietalia Beeft. & Westh. 1962

Armerion maritimae Br.-Bl. & De Leeuw 1936
Agrostis stolonifera community (Laime 2000 syn.)

GALIO-URTICETEA Passarge et Kopecky 1969
Calystegietalia sepium R.Tx. 1950

Senecion fluviatilis R.Tx. 1950
Convolvulo-Angelicetum archangelica littoralis Pass. (1957) 1959 (Laiviņš 1992 rel.)

KOELERIO-CORYNEPHORETEA Klika ap. Klika et Novak 1941

Carex arenaria community (Laime 2000 syn.)
Helictotrichon pubescens community (Laime 2000 syn.)
Jasione montana-Trifolium arvense community (Laime 2000 syn.)

Festuco-Sedetalia R.Tx. 1951 em. Krausch 1962

Plantagini-Festucion Passarge 1964
Diantho deltoidis-Armerietum elongatae Pötsch 1962 (Jermacāne 2000a rel.)
Festuca ovina community (Jermacāne 2000b rel.)
Poa angustifolia-Veronica spicata community (Jermacāne 2000b rel.)

Sedo-Scleranthetalia Br.-Bl. 1955

Alysso-Sedion albi Oberd. & Th. Müll. ap. Th. Müll. 1961
Saxifrago tridactylito-Poetum compressae (Kreh 1945) Géhu et Leriq 1957
var. Erophila verna (Jermacāne, Laiviņš 2001a rel.)
var. Campanula rotundifolia (Jermacāne, Laiviņš 2001a rel.)
Euphorbia cyparissias community (Laiviņš, Jermacāne 1999 rel.; Laiviņš, Jermacāne 2000 syn.)
Jovibarba sobolifera community (Jermacāne, Laiviņš 2001b rel.)
Sedum sexangulare community (Laiviņš, Jermacāne 1999 rel.; Laiviņš, Jermacāne 2000 syn.)
Sedum spurium community
var. Poa angustifolia (Laiviņš, Jermacāne 1999 rel.; Laiviņš, Jermacāne 2000 syn.)
var. Poa nemoralis (Laiviņš, Jermacāne 1999 rel.; Laiviņš, Jermacāne 2000 syn.)
Sedum rupestre community (Laiviņš, Jermacāne 1999 rel.; Laiviņš, Jermacāne 2000 syn.)

FESTUCO-BROMETEA Br.-Bl. et R.Tx. 1943
Medicago falcata community (Jermacāne 2000a syn.)

Brometalia erecti Br.-Bl. 1936
Centaurea scabiosa-Fragaria viridis community (Jermacāne, Laiviņš 2001b rel.)
Filipendula vulgaris-Helictotrichon pratense community
var. Astragalus danicus (Jermacāne 2001 syn.)
var. Carex flacca (Jermacāne 2001 syn.)
var. typicum (Jermacāne 2001 syn.)
var. Viscaria vulgaris (Jermacāne 2001 syn.)

Bromion erecti Koch 1926
Medicagini-Avenetum pubescentis De Leeuw in Br.-Bl. et Moor 1938 (Jermacāne, Laiviņš 2001a rel.)

MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA R.Tx. 1937
Arrhenatheretalia R.Tx. 1931

Arrhenatherion Koch 1926
Festucetum pratensis Soó 1938(Jermacāne, Laiviņš 2001b rel.)

Cynosurion R.Tx. 1947
Anthoxantho-Agrostietum tenuis Sill. 1933 em. Jurko 1969
subass. typicum (Jermacāne 2000a rel.)
var. Melampyrum polonicum (Jermacāne 2000a rel.)
var. Primula veris (Jermacāne 2000a rel.)
var. typicum (Jermacāne 2000a rel.)
var. Calamagrostis epigeios (Jermacāne 2000a rel.)
subass. prov. Holcetosum lanati (Jermacāne 2000a rel.)
var. typicum (Jermacāne 2000a rel.)
var. Deschampsia cespitosa (Jermacāne 2000a rel.)
subass. prov. Trifolietosum arvensis (Jermacāne 2000a rel.)

Molinietalia Koch 1926

Calthion R.Tx. 1937
Caricetum cespitosae Steffen 1931 (Jermacāne 1998 syn.; Salmiņa 2000b syn.)
Filipendulo-Geranietum palustre Koch 1926 (Laiviņš, Mikažāne 1996 syn.)
Scirpetum sylvatici Maloch 1935 em. Schwick. 1944 (Salmiņa 2000b syn.)

TRIFOLIO-GERANIETEA T.Müll. 1961
Origanetalia T.Müll. 1961

Trifolion medii T.Müll. 1962
Trifolio medii-Agrimonietum Th. Müller 1961 (Jermacāne, Laiviņš 2001b rel.)

EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII R. Tx. et Prsg. in R. Tx. 1950
Epilobietalia angustifolii R. Tx. 1950

Robinia spp. communities (Laiviņš 2001 rel.)

VACCINIO-PICEETEA Br.-Bl. 1939
Piceetalia abietis Pawl. in Pawl. et al. 1928

Piceion abietis Pawl. in Pawl. et al. 1928
Melico-Piceetum (Caj. 1921) K.-Lund 1962 (Kreile 1999 rel.)
subass. athyrietosum (Kreile 1999 rel.)
subass. typicum (Kreile 1999 rel.)
subass. pinetosum sylvestris (Kreile 1999 rel.)
Oxalido-Piceetum excelsae (Kraj.33) Brezina et Hadač 69 (Kreile 2001 rel.; Laiviņš, Laiviņa 1991 rel.; 1999b syn.)
Sambuco racemosae-Piceetum excelsae Laiviņš 1991 in Laiviņš et Laiviņa 1991 (Laiviņš, Laiviņa 1991 rel.)
var. typicum (Laiviņš, Jankevica 1999 rel.)
var. Aegopodium podagraria (Laiviņš, Jankevica 1999 rel.)
Sphagno girgensohnii-Piceetum Br.-Bl. 1939) Polak. 1962 (Priedītis 1993e rel.)
var Crepis paludosa (Priedītis 1993c syn.; 1997 syn.incompl.; 1999 rel.)
subass. myrtilletosum (Priedītis 1993c syn.; 1993d syn.; 1997 syn.incompl.; 1999a rel.; 1999b syn.)
var. Pinus sylvestris (Priedītis 1997 syn.incompl.)
var. crepocirsium (Priedītis 1993d syn.)
Vaccinio myrtilli-Piceetum (Kobendza 1930) Br.-Bl. et Vlieger 1939
var. Rubus idaeus (Laiviņš, Jankevica 1999 rel.)

Dicrano-Pinion Matusz. 1962 em. Oberd. 1979
Betuletum pubescentis R.Tx. 1937 (Priedītis 1993b syn.; 1993c syn.; 1993e rel.; 1997 syn. incompl.)
Sambuco racemosae-Pinetum Laiviņš 1991 in Laiviņš et Laiviņa 1991 (Laiviņš, Laiviņa 1991 rel.)
var. Agrostis tenuis (Laiviņš 1998a syn.)
var. Symphoricarpos rivularis (Laiviņš 1998a syn.)
var. Epilobium angustifolium (Laiviņš 1998a syn.)
var. typicum (Laiviņš 1998a syn.; Laiviņš, Jankevica 1999 rel.)
var. Oxalis acetosella (Laiviņš 1998a syn.; Laiviņš, Jankevica 1999 rel.)
Vaccinio myrtilli-Pinetum (Kob. 1930) Br.-Bl. et Vliegler 1939 (Bambe 2001b rel.; Kreile 1999 rel.; Laiviņš, Laiviņa 1991 rel.; Priedītis 1999b syn.)
var. typicum (Bambe 1999 syn.; Laiviņš, Laiviņa 1988 rel.; Laiviņš 1998a syn.)
var. Pteridium aquilinum (Bambe 1999 syn.)
var. Deschampsia flexuosa (Laiviņš, Laiviņa 1988 rel.; Laiviņš 1998a syn.)
var. Calamagrostis arundinacea (Laiviņš 1998a syn.)
Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum sylvestris (Hueck 1925) Kleist 1929 (Bambe 2001a syn.; Priedītis 1993b syn.; 1993c syn.; 1993e rel.; 1999b syn.)
subass. phragmitetosum (Priedītis 1993b syn.; 1993c syn.)
subass. molinietosum (Priedītis 1997 syn.incompl.)
subass. typicum (Priedītis 1997 syn.incompl.)
var. Phragmites australis (Priedītis 1997 syn.incompl.)
var. Calluna vulgaris (Priedītis 1997 syn.incompl.)
Vaccinio vitis-idaeo-Pinetum Cajander 1921 (Bambe 2001b rel.; Laiviņš, Laiviņa 1991 rel.; Priedītis 1999b syn.)
var. Pulsatilla patens (Bambe 1999 syn.)
var. typicum (Bambe 1999 syn.; Laiviņš 1998a syn.)
var. Festuca ovina (Laiviņš 1998a syn.)
var. Pleurozium schreberi (Laiviņš 1998a syn.)
Epilobium angustifolium- Pinus sylvestris community (Laiviņš, Laiviņa 1991 rel.)
Festuca ovina- Pinus sylvestris community (Laiviņš, Laiviņa 1991 rel.)
Pinus sylvestris community (Kreile 1996 rel.)
Pleurozium schreberi-Pinus sylvestris community (Laiviņš, Laiviņa 1991 rel.)

PULSATILLO-PINETEA (E.Schmid 1936) Oberd. in Oberd. et al. 1967
Pulsatillo-Pinetalia Oberd. in Th. Müll. 1966

Cytiso-Pinion Krausch 1962
Melico nutantis-Pinetum Marker 1969 (Bambe 1999 syn.)

ALNETEA GLUTINOSAE Br.-Bl. et R.Tx. 1943
Alnetalia glutinosae R.Tx. 1937 em. Th. Müll. et Görs 1958

Alnion glutinosae Malc. 1929
Carici elongatae-Alnetum Koch 1926 (Bambe 2001b rel.; Laiviņš 1989 rel.; Priedītis 1999 rel.)
var. Calla palustris (Laiviņš 1985 rel.)
var. Carex acutiformis (Laiviņš 1985 rel.)
subass. typicum (Priedītis 1993a syn.; 1993c syn.; 1993e rel.; 1997 syn. incompl.; 1999b syn.)
subass. thelypteridetosum (Priedītis 1993a rel., syn.; 1993c syn.; 1993e rel.)
subass. urticetosum (Priedītis 1993a syn.; 1993c syn.; 1993e rel.)
subass. Caricetosum elatae (Priedītis 1993a syn.; 1993c syn.; 1993e rel.)
subass. Cardaminetosum (Priedītis 1997 syn. incompl.)
Sphagno squarrosi-Alnetum Sol.-Gorn. 1975 (Priedītis 1993a syn.; 1993c syn.; 1993e rel.; 1997 syn. incompl.; 1999b syn.)

QUERCO-FAGETEA Br.-Bl. et Vlieger 1937

Querco-Tilietum Laiviņš 1983 (Laiviņš 1986 rel.; Laiviņš 1989 rel.)
Convallaria majalis-Quercus robur community
var. Eurhynchium angustirete (Kreile 2000 rel.)
var. Padus avium (Kreile 2000 rel.)

Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawl. ap. Pawl. et al. 1928

Aegopodium podagraria-Picea abies community (Kreile 2001 rel.)

Alnion incanae Pawl. ap. Pawl. et Wallisch 1929
Alnetum incanae Lüdi 1921 (Laiviņš 1984 rel.; Laiviņš 1989 rel.; Laiviņš 2000a rel.)
Carici remotae-Fraxinetum Koch ex Faber 1936 (Priedītis 1997 syn. incompl.; Priedītis 1999a rel.; 1999b syn.)
Circaeo-Alnetum Oberd. 1953 (Priedītis 1993a syn.; 1993c syn.; 1993e rel.; 1997 syn. incompl.; 1999b syn.)

Carpinion betuli Issl. 1931 em. Oberd. 1957

Tilio-Carpinetum Traczyk 1962 (Laiviņš 1991 rel., syn.; 2000b rel.)

Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani Klika 1955

Ulmus glabra-Tilia cordata community (Laiviņš 2000a rel.)

Quercetalia pubescenti-petreae Klika 1933

Quercion petreae Zolyomi et Jakucs ex Jakucs 1960
Brachypodium pinnatum-Quercus robur community (Jermacāne, Laiviņš 2001b rel.)

CLASS ?

Tetraphis pellucida community (Bambe 2000 syn.)
Dicranum scoparium community (Bambe 2000 syn.)
Hypnum cupressiforme community (Bambe 2000 syn.)
Homalia trichomanoides-Neckera sp. community (Bambe 2000 syn.)
Sanionia uncinata-Radula complanata community (Bambe 2000 syn.)
Amblystegium varium community (Bambe 2000 syn.)

Betula pubescens-Geum rivale community (Kreile 1999 rel.)
Picea abies-Circaea alpina community (Kreile 1999 rel.)
Pinus sylvestris-Eriophorum vaginatum community (Kreile 1999 rel.)

REFERENCES

Bambe B. 1999. Sausieņu priežu mežu augu sabiedrības paugurainēs un uz pauguru grēdām. [Dry pine forest communities on hills and hill chains]. Mežzinātne 8(41): 3-42.
Bambe B. 2000. Epiksilās un epifītiskās augu sabiedrības uz koku stumbriem un trupošiem kokiem mazo upju krastos. [Epixylic and epiphytic plant communities on tree trunks and decaying trees along the banks of small rivers]. Referātu tēzes. Latvijas Universitātes 58. Zinātniskā konference. Zemes un Vides zinātņu sekcija. Rīga, 14-18 lpp.
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Jermacāne S. 1999. Smaržzāles-parastās smilgas sabiedrību Anthoxantho-Agrostietum tenuis Sill. 1933 em. Jurko 1969 klasifikācija un ekoloģija Latvijā (Piejūras zemiene, Austrumzemgale, Vidzemes augstiene). [Classification and ecology of the Anthoxantho-Agrostietum tenuis Sill. 1933 em. Jurko 1969 communities in Latvia (the Coastal Lowland, Eastern Zemgale and the Vidzeme Upland)]. Latvijas Veģetācija 2: 29-80.
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Latvian Habitats Classifier

2011-10-11T15:51:12Z

LATVIAN HABITATS CLASSIFIER
Authors: I.Kabucis (red.), Dr.B.Bambe, L.Engele, S.Jermacane, B.Laime, Dr.M.Pakalne, J.Smalinskis, A.Urtans
2001

A. SEA HABITATS

Habitats occurring in the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga.

A.1. Sea bottom without vegetation
Benthic habitats occurring in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths have not established. Species composition depends mainly on the depth and physical properties of the bottom.

A.1.1. Sandy sea ground
Benthic sea habitats on a sandy ground in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths have not established.

A.1.2. Muddy sea ground
Benthic sea habitats on muddy or soft clay in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths have not established.

A.1.3. Dolomitised sea ground
Benthic sea habitats on dolomite in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths have not established.

A.1.4. Sandstone sea ground
Benthic sea habitats on sandstone ground in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths have not established.

A.1.5. Boulder ground in the sea
Benthic sea habitats on the stony ground in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths have not established.

A.1.6. Pebble sea ground (bottom)
Benthic sea habitats on pebble ground in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths have not established.

A.1.7. Sea ground covered by shells
Benthic sea habitats with mollusc shells or its fragments in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths have not established.

A.2. Sea bottom covered by aquatic plants

A.2.1. Growths with Zostera marina
Benthic sea habitats in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths are formed by Zostera marina or it dominates.

A.2.2. Growths with Fucus
Benthic sea habitats in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths are formed mainly by brown algae Fucus.

A.2.3. Growths with red algae in the sea
Benthic sea habitats in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths are formed mainly by various red algae species.

A.2.4. Growths with green algae in the sea
Benthic sea habitats in the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in places where macrophyte growths are formed mainly by various green algae species.

A.3. Open warter (pelagial) in the sea
Open water in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga where the species composition of pelagic communities depends from the depth, water temperature and salinity.

A. 4. Coastal bars
Shallow water places and coastal underwater ridges in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga on which depending from the substrate different plant communities appear. On the steep margins of the bars in different depth other communities develop and a peculiar vertical zonation is observed. On bars macrophyte growths can develop or they may not be covered with macrophytes. Most often bars are complexes of microhabitats or even different habitats.

A.4.1. Sand bars in the sea
Sand bars develops in shallow places in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga as well as underwater coastal ridges.

A.4.2. Pebble bars in the sea
Shallow places and coastal underwater bars in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga formed by pebble material.

A.4.3. Boulder bars in the sea
Underwater boulder assemblages in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga that in the periods of low water level can be partly open.

A.5. Coastal lagoons
Shallow, slightly salty water basins that are partly or completed separated by sandy bars or dunes from the sea.

A.5.1. Open water in the coastal lagoons
Open water in the coastal lagoons where macrophyte cover has not developed. Common in new lagoons as well as in the deepest places of the oldest lagoons.

A.5.2. Submerged aquatic plant growths in lagoons
Plant communities with submerged aquatic plants (eloids ) as Zannichelia palustris, Ruppia maritima and Batrachium baudotii characteristic for slightly salty waters.

A.5.3. Above water plant cover in lagoons
Plant communities formed by above water plant (helophyte) species.

A.6. Large river mouths
River mouths with slightly salty water and submerged to wind floods. Communities are characterised by fresh water and slightly halophytic plant species

B. COASTAL HABITATS

B. 1. BEACHES
Beach is a part of terrestrial land that starts from the seawater minimum level and ends with the maximum (during storms) and is directly subjected to regular influence of coastal streams, waves and wind. Beach is a coastal formation that marks the coastline and commonly is formed by easily washed sediments (sand‚ gravel‚ pebbles) and cockleshells. Beach is often called as seashore - area that is flooded.

B. 1. 1. Sandy beaches
Sandy beach is formed by sand that can be fine‚ medium rough and rough. Total length of sandy beaches in Latvia reaches about 240 km.

B. 1. 1.1.Dry‚ high beaches
B.1.1.1.1.1. Dry‚ high beaches without vegetation
Dry beaches where that all the vegetation season, also at the end of summer and in autumn are not covered by vegetation.
B.1.1.1. 2. Dry‚ high beaches with sparse, mainly annual plant cover
Beach where plants form a sparse plant cover and grow scattered one by one‚ as well as in groups or continuous vegetation develops. Such vegetation is characteristic at the end of summer and in autumn. On dry beaches plant species of slightly salty habitats - halophytes dominate.
Typical plant species: Salsola kali‚ Cakile baltica‚ Atriplex littoralis‚ Honckenya peploides.
Rare plant species: Atriplex glabriuscula‚ A. longipes‚ Corispermum intermedium‚ Chenopodium acerifolium.

B.1.1.2. Low, moist sandy beaches
Beaches that permanently or periodically are moist and where pools are often observed.
B.1.1.2.1. Low, moist, sandy beaches without vegetation
Moist beaches that all the vegetation season, also at the end of summer and in autumn are not covered by vegetation.
B.1.1.2.2. Low, moist, sandy beaches with vegetation
Low beaches commonly are characterised by a dense plant cover that mainly consists of hydrophylous plant species. Quite often vegetation zonation is observed beach micro-relief and other factors determine that.
Typical plant species: Ranunculus sceleratus‚ Bidens tripartita‚ Polygonum mite‚ Rorippa palustris‚ Polygonum hydropiper‚ Juncus bufonius.
Rare plant species: Juncus balticus‚ Aster tripolium‚ Atriplex calotheca.
B.1.1. 2.3. Low, moist, sandy beaches with springs
Low beaches where spring waters flush out. Such beaches are very narrow and border with the ancient coastline. In some places vegetation characteristic for moist beaches develops.
B.1.1. 3. Beaches with peat
Beach where peat is covered by sand. Such beach has developed at the seacoast near Nida Mire. Plant cover is formed by beach and dune plants, as well as hydrophylous plant species.

B.1.2. Gravel and pebble beaches
Beaches that mainly consist of gravel or pebbles. Often the material forming this beach is mixed, for example, has gravel and pebbles, like gravel-pebbles beaches and sandy-gravel beaches. Most of the beaches of this group are periodically varying.

B.1.2.1. Gravel and pebble beaches without vegetation
Gravel and pebble beaches that all the vegetation season also at the end of summer and in autumn is not covered by vegetation. Characteristic mainly for pebble beaches.
B.1.2.2. Gravel and pebble beaches with vegetation
Gravel and pebble beaches with a plant cover that most often is sparse. Plants grow mostly scattered, one by one or in-groups, sometimes a continuous plant cover establishes.
Typical plant species: Honckenya peploides‚ Cakile baltica‚ Atriplex species, Salsola kali.

B.1.3. Boulder beaches
Beaches with many boulders.

B.1.3.1. Boulder beaches without vegetation
Boulder beach that all the vegetation season, also at the end of summer and in autumn is not covered by vegetation.
B.1.3.2. Boulder beaches with vegetation
Boulder beaches where various plant communities develop.
B.1.3.2.1. Boulder beach with tall vegetation
In low and moist beaches between the boulder vegetation that consists of vascular plant species growing near the coast appears. In some places beach vegetation leads to wetland vegetation characteristic for the shallow water zone.
Typical plant species: Phragmites australis‚ Scirpus tabernaemontani‚ Bolboschoenus maritimus‚ Typha angustifolia.
B.1.3.2.2. Boulder beaches with low vegetation
Low vegetation is more characteristic for high beaches. It is formed mostly by Honckenya peploides‚ in some places also Carex arenaria and other plant species.

B. 2. DUNES
Dunes are wind blown sandy bars. Dunes develop in those places where is enough sand‚ low ground water level‚ constant governing winds and sparse plant cover. Most often and faster dunes develop if there is a barrier in the way of wind moved sand - plants and branches.

B.2.1. Primary dunes
Primary dunes are dunes located most closely to the sea and at the seaside border with the beach. Primary dune development directly depends from the amount of sand on the beach. In Latvia the total length of primary dunes reaches about 240 km.

B.2.1.1. Embryonic dunes
Embryonic dunes are the first stage of dune development. These are small, about 10-50 cm high sandy bars with sparse vegetation.
Typical plant species: Leymus arenarius‚ Honckenya peploides‚ xCalammophila baltica‚ Elytrigia x littorea.
Rare plant species: Elytrigia junceiformis‚ Linaria loeselii‚ Crambe maritima.
B.2.1.2. Foredunes
Foredunes or white dunes are dunes develop after the embryonic dunes where still active sand blowing takes place. Foredunes can be with sparse or scattered plant cover that is formed by species of sandy habitats or may be without vegetation.
B.2.1.2.1. Foredunes characterised by the dominance of vascular plants
Foredunes where vascular plants, mainly grasses dominate.
Typical plant species: Ammophila arenaria‚ Calamagrostis epigeios‚ Leymus arenarius‚ Festuca arenaria‚ Hieracium umbellatum‚ Artemisia campestris.
Rare plant species: Eryngium maritimum‚ Lathyrus maritimus‚ Linaria loeselii‚ Tragopogon heterospermus.
B.2.1.2.2. Foredunes with shrubs
Foredunes where many shrub species are characteristic, mainly willows. They can be planted or self-established.
Typical plant species: Salix daphnoides‚ S. viminalis‚ S. rosmarinifolia.
Rare plant species: Salix repens‚ Lonicera caerulea var. pallasii.

B.2.2. Secondary dunes
Secondary dunes are dunes that develop after primary dunes. On secondary dunes vegetation of grey dunes, forest or grasslands can be observed.

B.2.2.1. Grey dunes
Grey dunes are relatively stable dunes and plant cover consists mainly of bryophytes‚ lichens and low perennial plant species as well as separate trees and shrubs.
B.2.2.1.1. Grey dunes with low vascular plant vegetation
Grey dunes vegetation consists mainly of bryophytes, lichens and low perennial plants.
Typical plant species: Koeleria glauca‚ Carex arenaria‚ Thymus serpyllum‚ Pulsatilla pratensis, as well as bryophytes, like Racomitrium canescens and Tortula ruralis‚
Rare plant species: Alyssum gmelinii‚ Dianthus arenarius‚ Silene borysthenica.
B.2.2.1.2. Grey dunes with shrubs and trees
Dunes with separate trees‚ shrubs or their groups. In some places groups of dwarf shrubs develop.
Typical plant species: Juniperus communis‚ Pinus sylvestris‚ Salix daphnoides.
Rare plant species: Lonicera caerulea var. pallasii‚ Salix repens.

B.3. Dune slacks
Dune slacks develop in relief depressions between dunes in places with a higher ground water level. Characteristic in such places where are several foredunes occur. Commonly dune slacks are narrow and change fast due to overgrowing by trees or land paludification.

B.3.1. Dune slacks with pioneer vegetation
Periodically moist depressions with scarce or continuous plant cover that is formed by pioneer species.
Typical plant species: Sagina nodosa‚ Equisetum variegatum‚ Carex flacca.
Rare plant species: Centaurium littorale‚ Juncus balticus.
B.3.2. Dune slacks with grassland vegetation
Depressions that are observed in a transition zone between foredunes and grey dunes and shrub zone or forest. In the plant cover grassland species dominate.
Typical plant species: Rhinanthus vernalis‚ Poa pratensis‚ Anthoxanthum odoratum‚ Ranunculus acris.
Rare plant species: Dactylorhiza incarnata‚ D. baltica‚ Epipactis palustris.
B.3.3. Dune slacks with calcareous fen vegetation
Depressions where calcareous fen species are characteristic. Peat layer is lacking or may be very shallow.
Typical plant species: Carex flacca‚ Potentilla erecta‚ Molinia caerulea‚ Galium boreale.
Rare plant species: Schoenus ferrugineus‚ Cladium mariscus‚ Primula farinosa

B.4. BLUFFS
Bluffs are seacoasts that have developed under the influence of wash-off or abrasion. Bluffs can change periodically both under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. Two types of wash-off coasts can be distinguished where the wash-off dominates over the sand accumulations and coasts where wash off has stopped and that partly or totally are covered by vegetation. Different substrate can form the wash off coasts.

B.4.1. Bluffs with moraine outcrops
B.4.2. Sand-clay bluffs with springs
B.4.3. Sandy bluffs
B.4.4. Gravel-pebble bluffs
B.4.5. Sandy bluffs with peat
B.4. 6. Sandstone outcrops near the coast

B.5. Coastal pools

B.5.1.Constant coastal pools
Water basins in the zone of fore dunes or grey dunes with permanent brackish water.
Typical plant species: Bolboschoenus maritimus‚ Typha angustifolia‚ Sparganium species.
Rare plant species: Juncus balticus.
B.5.2. Drying out pools
Periodically drying out slightly salty water pools in the beach or dune slacks. More important are annual amphibic plants

B.6. GROWTHS OF TALL VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE COASTAL WETLANDS
Coastal wetlands with the growths of tall vascular plants occur in the seacoast shallow water zone. In Latvia can be observed near the Gulf of Riga.

B.6. 1. Coastal Phragmites growths
Phragmites growths in the shallow waters of the sea coast. Typical plant species: Phragmites australis‚ Sium latifolium‚ Scirpus tabernaemontani.
B.6.2. Scirpus growths in the coastal wetlands
Growths with Scirpus in the shallow waters of the sea coast where Scirpus tabernaemontani dominates.
B.6.3. Bolboschoenus maritimus growths in the coastal wetlands
Growths with Bolboschoenus maritimus in the shallow waters of the sea coast.
Typical plant species: Bolboschoenus maritimus‚ Scirpus tabernaemontani